![]() The rediscovery of Greek and Roman science and technology (which also formed the basis for Islamic science) in medieval Europe led to the Scientific Renaissance and Scientific Revolution. Rome's architectural tradition served as the basis for Romanesque, Renaissance and Neoclassical architecture, and also influenced Islamic architecture. Roman and Greek art had a profound impact on the Italian Renaissance. The Empire's adoption of Christianity led to the formation of medieval Christendom. Latin evolved into the Romance languages, while Medieval Greek became the language of the Eastern Roman Empire. ĭue to the Roman Empire's vast extent and long endurance, the institutions and culture of Rome had a lasting influence on the development of language, religion, art, architecture, literature, philosophy, law, and forms of government in the territory it governed. The Eastern Roman Empire survived for another millennium, until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. ![]() With the fall of Ravenna to the Germanic Herulians and the deposition of Romulus Augustus in AD 476 by Odoacer, the Western Roman Empire finally collapsed the Eastern Roman emperor Zeno formally abolished it in AD 480. Shortly after, the Migration Period, involving large invasions by Germanic peoples and by the Huns of Attila, led to the decline of the Western Roman Empire. To stabilize it, Diocletian set up two different imperial courts in the Greek East and Latin West in 286 Christians rose to positions of power in the 4th century following the Edict of Milan of 313. It was reunified under Aurelian ( r. 270–275). ![]() In the 3rd century, the Empire underwent a crisis that threatened its existence, as the Gallic and Palmyrene Empires broke away from the Roman state, and a series of short-lived emperors led the Empire. Rome reached its greatest territorial expanse during the reign of Trajan (AD 98–117) a period of increasing trouble and decline began with the reign of Commodus (177–192). The first two centuries of the Roman Empire saw a period of unprecedented stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana ( lit. The vast Roman territories were organized in senatorial and imperial provinces except Italy, which continued to serve as a metropole. The Roman Senate granted Octavian overarching power ( imperium) and the new title of Augustus, making him the first Roman emperor. The predecessor state of the Roman Empire, the Roman Republic, became severely destabilized in civil wars and political conflicts, eventually culminating in the victory of Octavian over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt. The adoption of Christianity as the state church in 380 and the fall of the Western Roman Empire conventionally marks the end of classical antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages. The imperial seat moved from Rome to Byzantium following the collapse of the West in 476, it became its sole capital as Constantinople. The Empire was later ruled by multiple emperors who shared control over the Western and Eastern Roman Empire. From the accession of Augustus as the first Roman emperor to the military anarchy of the 3rd century, it was a Principate with Italia as the metropole of its provinces and Rome as its sole capital. It included large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean in Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, and was ruled by emperors. The Roman Empire was the post- Republican state of ancient Rome.
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